GREEK SCULPTURE AND THE FOUR ELEMENTS

A Psycho-Historical Investigation
Figures

J. L. Benson

Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Amherst Libraries
2000

LIST OF FIGURES

Abbreviations follow Select Bibliography except some explained within the List of Figures.
Half-tones
Fig. 1 Bronze statuette Metropolitan Museum, New York: Herakles (?) and Centaur. 8th century B.C.
Fig. 2 Bronze horse Antikenmuseum Berlin 8th century B.C. H.0.16.
Fig. 3a-b Bronze Statuette Museum of Fine Arts Boston: Apollo (votive of Mantiklos). H.0.20 Early 7th century B.C.
Fig. 4 Ivory panel of bed-head Baghdad(?) Figure grasping palmetto-tree. From Nimrud Later 8th century B.C. M. Mallowan, Nimrud and its Remains v. II (London 1966) fig. 391.
Fig. 5 Bronze statuette NM Delphi Mid-7th century B.C. H.0.20.
Fig. 6 Limestone statue NM Cairo: Ranufer Ca. 2500 B.C.
Fig. 7 Marble kouros Metropolitan Museum, New York, Ca. 620 B.C. G. Richter 1969, Fig. 54.
Fig. 8 Marble kore Pergamon Museum Berlin Ca. 580 B.C. G. Richter 1969, Fig. 66.
Fig. 9 Marble kouros NM Athens from Anavysos Ca. 530/525 B.C. G. Richter 1969, Fig. 85.
Fig. 10 Attic blackfigure amphora Vatican Museum: Achilles and Ajax. Ca. 530 B.C. E. Buschor, Die griechischen Vasen (Munich 1940) fig. 130.
Fig. 11 Opposite side of fig 10 with Return of the Dioskouroi. Ca. 570 B.C.
Fig. 12 Marble panel North frieze of Treasury of the Siphnians, Delphi: (detail, gods and giants). Ca. 525 B.C. H.0.64.
Fig. 13 Identification as fig.12.
Fig. 14 Marble statuary East pediment of Old Athena Temple, Acropolis: Athena and Giant. 520-510 B.C. H.2.0 G. Richter 1969, fig. 107.
Fig. 15 Marble panel (detail) NM Athens: base of athlete's statue 510-500 B.C. H.0.317. G. Richter 1969, fig. 109.
Fig. 16 Attic redfigure kylix (detail) MvWagner Museum inv. 1479 Würzburg: comast and hetaira; attributed to the Brygos Painter. 500-480 B.C. pl. 154.
Fig. 17 Marble metope (no. 21) Treasury of the Athenians, Delphi 500-480 B.C. After de la Coste Messelière, Fouilles de Delphes IV, 4 (Paris 1957) pl. 60.
Fig. 18 Marble statuary Glyptothek Munich from Aphaia Temple, Aigina. 500-480 B.C. D. Ohly 1976, pl. 73.
Fig. 19 Attic redfigure kylix (detail) Staatliche Museen Berlin inv. 2309: satyrs cavorting; attributed to the Dokimasia Painter "perhaps 480".
Fig. 20 Attic redfigure kantharos (detail) Musees Royaux de l'Archeologie et d'Historie, Brussels A718: Herakles and Amazons. 490/480 B.C.
Fig. 21 Attic redfigure belly amphora (detail) Staatliche Museen Berlin F 2159: scene of wrestling. Ca. 525-520.
Fig. 22 Marble kouros NM Athens from Ptoon (no. 20). 515-500 B.C. H.1.03. G. Richter 1970(2), fig. 450.
Fig. 23 Marble kouros NM Athens no. 3686 from Keos. 530-525 B.C. H. "overlife-size" G. Richter 1970(2), fig. 419.
Fig. 24 Back view of fig. 23. G. Richter 1970(2), fig. 422.
Fig. 25 Back view of fig. 22. G. Richter 1970(2), fig. 451.
Fig. 26 Marble kouros Acropolis Museum no. 692 from Athens. 500-480 B.C. H.0.87. G. Richter 1970(2), fig. 464.
Fig. 27 Back view of fig. 26. Richter 1970(2), fig. 465.
Fig. 28 Bronze statuette NM Athens no. 6445 from Athens. 500-480 B.C. H.0.273. G. Richter 1970(2), fig. 474.
Fig. 29 Back view of fig. 28. Richter 1970(2) fig. 475.
Fig. 30 Bronze kouros Louvre Paris from sea at Piombino. 500-480 B.C. (?). H.1.15. M. Collingnon I, p. 312.
Fig. 31 Marble kouros Acropolis Museum no. 698 ("Kritios Boy"). Ca. 480 B.C. H.0.86.
Fig. 32 Side view of fig. 31.
Fig. 33 Attic redfigure Panathenaic amphora (detail) MvWagner Museum Würzburg (from Vulci): Herakles; by the Berlin Painter. 500-490 B.C.
Fig. 34 Attic redfigure neck amphora (detail) Harrow School (England): satyr; by the Kleophrades Painter 500-490 B.C. J. Boardman 1975, fig. 140.
Fig. 35 Attic redfigure cup (detail) Berlin Staatliche Museen inv. 2269 from Chiusi; lovers; by the Kiss Painter. 500-480 B.C.
Fig. 36 Attic redfigure belly amphora (detail) MvWagner Museum Würzburg: warrior's return; by the Kleophrades Painter. 500-490 B.C. Furtwängler-Reichhold. Griechische Vasenmalerei: Auswahl hervorragender Vasenbilder. (Munich 1909) pl. 113
Fig. 37 Another scene from the foregoing: revellers.
Fig. 38 Marble statue NM Naples: Roman copy of Doryphoros of Polykeitos. Original: Ca. 440 B.C. H.2.12.
Fig. 39 Repeats fig. 31
Fig. 40 Bronze statue NM Delphi: charioteer. 480-470 B.C. H.1.80.
Fig. 41 Marble statue NM Olympia: Oinomaos from east pediment. Ca. 470 B.C. H.2.95.
Fig. 42 Marble statue NM Olympia: Apollo from west pediment. Ca. 460 B.C. H.
Fig. 43 Marble metope NM Olympia Zeus Temple: Augean Stables. 470-460 B.C. H.1.60. Yalouris, Olympia, fig. 202.
Fig. 44 Marble metope NM Olympia Zeus Temple: Apples of the Hesperides. 470-460 B.C. H.1.60.
Fig. 45 Marble kouros NM Athens no. 45: Omphalos Apollo (Roman copy). Original: 460-450 B.C. H.1.77. M. Collingnon I, fig. 15.
Fig. 46 Bronze statue NM Reggio di Calabria: bearded man. 460-450 B.C.
Fig. 47 Repeats fig. 38.
Fig. 48 Marble metope British Museum London Parthenon no. 31: Lapith and centaur 450-440 B.C. H.1.48.
Fig. 49 Marble panel NM Athens: Eleusinian votive relief. 440-430 B.C. H.2.40. M. Collingnon I, fig. 68.
Fig. 50 Marble statue NM Athens: "Diadoumenos" (Roman copy). 420-410 B.C. H.1.86. E. von Mach, Greek Sculpture (Boston 1903) pl. XXII fig. 3
Fig. 51 Marble statues Erechtheion Athens: "Karyatids" 420-410 B.C. H.2.31.
Fig. 52 Marble panel British Museum London: from frieze of Apollo Temple at Phigaleia: Amazonomachy. 410-400 B.C. H.0.64.
Fig. 53 Marble grave relief NM Athens inv. 3624: Hegeso. 410-400 B.C. H.1.49. M. Collingnon I, pl. IV.
Fig. 54 Marble statue Staatliche Museen Munich: Eirene and Ploutos (Roman copy). Original: 380-370 B.C. H.1.99. W. R. Biers AG, fig. 9-9.
Fig. 55 Marble statue NM Olympia: Hermes and Dionysos. Ca. 350 B.C. H.2.13. W. R. Biers AG, fig. 9-20.
Fig. 56 Bronze statue NM Athens from Piraeus: Athena. Ca. 350 B.C.
Fig. 57 Marble panel British Museum London from Halikarnassos: Amazonomachy no. 1022 ascribed to Timotheos. Ca. 350 B.C. H.0.89.
Fig. 58 Marble grave stele NM Athens from Ilissos. 350-340 B.C. H.1.68. M. Collingnon (1911), fig. 82.
Fig. 59 Marble panel NM Athens from Mantineia: three muses. Ca. 375 B.C. M. Collingnon (1911), p. 192.
Fig. 60 Marble statue Metropolitan Museum, NY: wounded Amazon (Roman Copy, probably after Polykleitos) Ca. 440-430 B.C. G. Richter 1969, fig. 163.
Fig. 61 Bronze statue NM Athens from Cape Artemision: god with missile. 470-460 B.C. H.2.09.
Fig. 62 Marble statue Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden: Maenad after Skopas (Roman copy). 350-340 B.C.
Fig. 63 Marble statue Agora Museum Athens: akroterion from Stoa of Zeus. 410-400 B.C.
Fig. 64 Marble grave stele Kerameikos Museum Athens: Dexileos. Ca. 390 B.C. H.1.75. M. Collingnon I, fig. 89.
Fig. 65 Marble statue NM Delphi: Agias. 350-340 B.C. H.1.97.
Fig. 66 Marble statue Vatican Museum: Scraper by Lysippos (Roman copy). 340-330 B.C. H.2.05 E. von Mach, fig. 16 (opp. p. 290).
Fig. 67 Bronze statuette Louvre Paris: Alexander with the lance. 330-300 B.C.
Fig. 68 Marble statue Vatican Museum: Apollo Belvedere attributed to Leochares (Roman copy). Original: 330-300 B.C. H.2.24. M. Collingnon I, fig. 161.
Fig. 69 Bronze statue Galerie Beyeler Basel "Homme qui marche" 1980 H.1.82. "Alberto Giacometti" by Alexander Watt in Studio International Art January 1964 p.24. (Priam Publications London).
Fig. 70 Wooden statue Egyptian Museum Cairo Ka'aper from Sakkara. Ca. 2400 B.C. H.1.10. H. Schaefer and W. Andrae, Die Kunst des Alten Orients (1928) p. 239L.
Fig. 71 Gilded wooden statuette Egyptian Museum Cairo Tutankhamen as Horus from Sakkara. 1340 B.C. H.0.695.
Fig. 72 Bronze statuette Metropolitan Museum NY Herakles from Arkadia Ca. 530 B.C. H.0.12.
Fig. 73 Bronze statuette Staatliche Museen Berlin (West) Zeus from Dodona. Ca. 460 B.C. H.0.138.
Fig. 74 Limestone metope NM Delphi Cattle theft by heroes from monopteros of Sikyon. Ca. 560 B.C. H.0.58.
Fig. 75 Marble coffin NM Istanbul the "Alexander Sarcophagus" 320-300 B.C. G. Richter SSG, fig. 748.
Fig. 76 Marble statue Lateran Museum Rome Sophokles 335-330 B.C. M. Collingnon I, fig. 178.
Fig. 77 Marble statue Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek Copenhagen: Demosthenes (Roman Copy) 300-280 B.C. H.2.07. G. Richter SSG, fig. 757.
Fig. 78 Marble Statue NM Rome: Gaul and wife 230-200 B.C. H. 2.11. M. Collingnon I, fig. 258.
Fig. 79 Marble panel Pergamon Museum Berlin: Athena and Giants from Altar of Pergamon. 230-200 B.C. H.2.30. M. Collingnon I, fig. 272.
Fig. 80 Marble statue Capitoline Museum Rome: drunken woman. 2nd - 1st century B.C. H.0.92.
Fig. 81 Marble statue Louvre Paris: "Borghese Warrior". 2nd - 1st century B.C. H.1.55. M. Bieber 1961, fig. 688.
Fig. 82 Marble statue Louvre Paris: Aphrodite of Melos 2nd - 1st century B.C. H.2.04. M. Bieber 1961, fig. 674.
Fig. 83 Marble statue NM Naples: Orestes and Elektra. 2nd - 1st century B.C. H.1.50. M. Collingnon I, fig. 347.

CREDITS

  • Hirmer Fotoarchiv, Munich: 1-3, 11, 20-21, 40, 51, 61, 72-74
  • British School of Archaeology in Iraq: 4
  • Éçole Francaise d'Athènes: 5, 17
  • Egyptian Museum, Cairo: 6, 70
  • Phaidon Press, London: 7-9, 14-15, 60
  • Piper Verlag GmbH, Munich: 10
  • Martin von Wagner Museum, Universitaet-Wuerzburg: 33
  • Staatliche Antikensammlungen und Glyptothek, Munich: 18
  • Author's sketches: 19, 35, 65, 67, 71
  • British School at Athens Archives: 22-29
  • Saskia Cultural Enterprises, Freeport (Maine): 31-32
  • Keepers and Governers of Harrow School: 34
  • Soprintendenza Archeologico delle Provinzie di Napoli e Caserta: 38
  • American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Alison Frantz Collection: 41-44
  • Soprintendenza Archeologico della Calabria Reggio Calabria: 46 (su concessione del Ministero Beni Attitività Culturei)
  • British Museum, London: 48, 52, 57
  • Cornell University Press, Ithaca (New York): 54-55
  • Deutsches Archaeologisches Institut, Athens: 58
  • Staatliche Kunstsammlungen, Dresden: 62
  • American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Agora Excavations: 63
  • Archaeological Museum, Istanbul: 75
  • Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen: 77
  • Archivio Fotografico dei Musei Capitolini: 60
  • Musée du Louvre, Paris: 81-82
I wish to acknowledge the generous cooperation of the following persons in establishing the illustrations in this volume: Halil Oezek (Istanbul); Alain Pasquier (Paris); Stephano de Caro (Naples); Dr. Dyfri Williams (London); Drssa Anna Somala Mura (Rome); Dr. Irma Wehgarten (Wuerzburg); Kalliope Christophis (Athens); Prof. Dr. Klaus Fittschen (Athens); Dr. Mohamed Abdul Shimy (Cairo)

Bronze statuette Metropolitan Museum, New York: Herakles (?) and Centaur. 8th century B.C. H.0.115.

Bronze horse Antikenmuseum Berlin-Charlottenburg 8th century B.C. H.0.16.

Bronze Statuette Museum of Fine Arts Boston: Apollo (votive of Mantiklos). H.0.20 Early 7th century B.C.

Bronze Statuette Museum of Fine Arts Boston: Apollo (votive of Mantiklos). H.0.20 Early 7th century B.C.

Ivory panel of bed-head Baghdad(?) Figure grasping palmetto-tree.

Bronze statuette NM Delphi Mid-7th century B.C. H.0.20.

Limestone statue NM Cairo: Ranufer Ca. 2500 B.C. H.1.73.

Marble kouros Metropolitan Museum, New York, Ca. 620 B.C. H.1.93.

Marble kore Pergamon Museum Berlin Ca. 580 B.C. H.1.95.

Marble kouros NM Athens from Anavysos Ca. 530/525. H.1.95.

Attic blackfigure amphora Vatican Museum: Achilles and Ajax. Ca. 530 B.C. H.0.61

Attic blackfigure amphora Vatican Museum: Opposite side of vase depicting Achilles and Ajax by Exekias, with Return of the Dioskouroi. Ca. 530 B.C. H.0.61.

Marble panel North frieze of Treasury of the Siphnians, Delphi: (detail, gods and giants). Ca. 525 H.0.64.

Identification as fig.12.

Marble statuary East pediment of Old Athena Temple, Acropolis: Athena and Giant. 520-510 B.C. H.2.0

Marble panel (detail) NM Athens: base of athlete's statue 510-500 B.C. H.0.317.

Attic redfigure kylix (detail) MvWagner Museum inv. 1479 Würzburg: comast and hetaira; attributed to the Brygos Painter. 500-480 B.C.

Marble metope (no. 21) Treasury of the Athenians, Delphi 500-480 B.C. H.0.67.

Marble statuary Glyptothek Munich from Aphaia Temple, Aigina. 500-480 B.C.

Attic redfigure kylix (detail) Staatliche Museen Berlin inv. 2309: satyrs cavorting; attributed to the Dokimasia Painter "perhaps 480"

Attic redfigure kantharos (detail) Musees Royaux de l'Archeologie et d'Historie, Brussels A718: Herakles and Amazons. 490/480 B.C.

Attic redfigure belly amphora (detail) Staatliche Museen Berlin F 2159: scene of wrestling. Ca. 525-520.

Marble kouros NM Athens from Ptoon (no. 20). 515-500 B.C. H.1.03.

Marble kouros NM Athens no. 3686 from Keos. 530-525 B.C. H. "overlife-size"

Back view of fig. 23.

Back view of Marble kouros NM Athens from Ptoon (no. 20). 515-500 B.C. H.1.03.

Marble kouros Acropolis Museum no. 692 from Athens. 500-480 B.C. H.0.87.

Back view of fig. 26.

Bronze statuette NM Athens no 6445 from Athens. 500-480 B.C. H.0.273.

Back view of fig. 28.

Bronze kouros Louvre Paris from sea at Piombino. 500-480 B.C. (?). H.1.15.

Marble kouros Acropolis Museum no. 698 ("Kritios Boy"). Ca. 480 B.C. H.0.86.

Side view of Marble kouros Acropolis Museum no. 698 ("Kritios Boy"). Ca. 480 B.C. H.0.86.

Attic redfigure Panathenaic amphora (detail) MvWagner Museum Würzburg (from Vulci): Herakles; by the Berlin Painter. 500-490 B.C.

Attic redfigure neck amphora (detail) Harrow School (England): satyr; by the Kleophrades Painter 500-490 B.C.

Attic redfigure cup (detail) Berlin Staatliche Museen inv. 2269 from Chiusi; lovers; by the Kiss Painter. 500-480 B.C.

Attic redfigure belly amphora (detail) MvWagner Museum Würzburg: warrior's return; by the Kleophrades Painter. 500-490 B.C.

Attic redfigure belly amphora (detail) MvWagner Museum Würzburg: revellers; by the Kleophrades Painter. 500-490 B.C.

Marble statue NM Naples: Roman copy of Doryphoros of Polykeitos. Original: Ca. 440 B.C. H.2.12.

Marble kouros Acropolis Museum no. 698 ("Kritios Boy"). Ca. 480 B.C. H.0.86.

Bronze statue NM Delphi: charioteer. 480-470 B.C. H.1.80.

Marble statue NM Olympia: Oinomaos from east pediment. Ca. 470 B.C. H.2.95.

Marble statue NM Olympia: Apollo from west pediment. Ca. 460 B.C. H.

Marble metope NM Olympia Zeus Temple: Augean Stables. 470-460 B.C. H.1.60.

Marble metope NM Olympia Zeus Temple: Apples of the Hesperides. 470-460 B.C. H.1.60.

Marble kouros NM Athens no. 45: Omphalos Apollo (Roman copy). Original: 460-450 B.C. H.1.77.

Bronze statue NM Reggio di Calabria: bearded man. 460-450 B.C. H.

Marble statue NM Naples: Roman copy of Doryphoros of Polykeitos. Original: Ca. 440 B.C. H.2.12.

Marble metope British Museum London Parthenon no. 31: Lapith and centaur 450-440 B.C. H.1.48.

Marble panel NM Athens: Eleusinian votive relief. 440-430 B.C. H.2.40.

Marble statue NM Athens: "Diadoumenos" (Roman copy). 420-410 B.C. H.1.86.

Marble statues Erechtheion Athens: "Karyatids" 420-410 B.C. H.2.31.

Marble panel British Museum London: from frieze of Apollo Temple at Phigaleia: Amazonomachy. 410-400 B.C. H.0.64.

Marble grave relief NM Athens inv. 3624: Hegeso. 410-400 B.C. H.1.49.

Marble statue Staatliche Museen Munich: Eirene and Ploutos (Roman copy). Original: 380-370 B.C. H.1.99.

Marble statue NM Olympia: Hermes and Dionysos. Ca. 350 B.C. H.2.13.

Bronze statue NM Athens from Piraeus: Athena. Ca. 350 B.C. H.

Marble panel British Museum London from Halikarnassos: Amazonomachy no. 1022 ascribed to Timotheos. Ca. 350 B.C. H.0.89.

Marble grave stele NM Athens from Ilissos. 350-340 B.C. H.1.68.

Marble panel NM Athens from Mantineia: three muses. Ca. 375 B.C. H.

Marble statue Metropolitan Museum, NY: wounded Amazon (Roman Copy, probably after Polykleitos) Ca. 440-430 B.C. H.

Bronze statue NM Athens from Cape Artemision: god with missile. 470-460 B.C. H.2.09.

Marble statue Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden: Maenad after Skopas (Roman copy). 350-340 B.C. H.

Marble statue Agora Museum Athens: akroterion from Stoa of Zeus. 410-400 B.C. H.

Marble grave stele Kerameikos Museum Athens: Dexileos. Ca. 390 B.C. H.1.75.

Marble statue NM Delphi: Agias. 350-340 B.C. H.1.97.

Marble statue Vatican Museum: Scraper by Lysippos (Roman copy). 340-330 B.C. H.2.05

Bronze statuette Louvre Paris: Alexander with the lance. 330-300 B.C. H.

Marble statue Vatican Museum: Apollo Belvedere attributed to Leochares (Roman copy). Original: 330-300 B.C. H.2.24.

Bronze statue Galerie Beyeler Basel "Homme qui marche" 1980 H.1.82.

Wooden statue Egyptian Museum Cairo Ka'aper from Sakkara. Ca. 2400 B.C. H.1.10.

Gilded wooden statuette Egyptian Museum Cairo Tutankhamen as Horus from Sakkara. 1340 B.C. H.0.695.

Bronze statuette Metropolitan Museum NY Herakles from Arkadia Ca. 530 B.C. H.0.12.

Bronze statuette Staatliche Museen Berlin (West) Zeus from Dodona. Ca. 460 B.C. H.0.138.

Limestone metope NM Delphi Cattle theft by heroes from monopteros of Sikyon. Ca. 560 B.C. H.0.58.

Marble coffin NM Istanbul the "Alexander Sarcophagus" 320-300 B.C. H.

Marble statue Lateran Museum Rome Sophokles 335-330 B.C. H.

Marble statue Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek Copenhagen: Demosthenes (Roman Copy) 300-280 B.C. H.2.07.

Marble Statue NM Rome: Gaul and wife 230-200 B.C. H. 2.11.

Marble panel Pergamon Museum Berlin: Zeus and three Giants from Altar of Pergamon. 230-200 B.C. H.2.30.

Marble statue Capitoline Museum Rome: drunken woman. 2nd - 1st century B.C. H.0.92.

Marble statue Louvre Paris: "Borghese Warrior". 2nd - 1st century B.C. H.1.55.

Marble statue Louvre Paris: Aphrodite of Melos 2nd - 1st century B.C. H.2.04.

Marble statue NM Naples: Orestes and Elektra. 2nd - 1st century B.C. H.1.50.

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